As organisms and beta-lactamases continue to evolve, so too does the need for simple, rapid, test methods that will have an impact on the diagnostic laboratory technologist’s role in the detection of resistance to beta-lactams. The reader is encouraged to refer to the literature (16, 17) on this topic for more details on the different methods for beta-lactamase detection.
We would like to thank Ms. Doris Poole for her contribution to our newsletter. Ms. Doris Poole is staff at the Microbiology Laboratory, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; and a member of the Clinical Microbiology Proficiency Testing (CMPT) Microbiology Subcommittee.
References
1. Kong KF, Schneper L, Mathee K. Beta-lactam antibiotics: from antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology. APMIS. 2010;118:1-36.
2. Poole K. Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61:2200-2223.
3. Zeng X, Lin J. Beta-lactamase induction and cell wall metabolism in Gram-negative bacteria. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:128.
4. Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Med. 2006;119:S3-10; discussion S62-70.
5. Drawz SM, Bonomo RA. Three decades of beta-lactamase inhibitors. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23:160-201.
6. Wilke MS, Lovering AL, Strynadka NC. Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance: a current structural perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2005;8:525-533.
7. Babic M, Hujer AM, Bonomo RA. What’s new in antibiotic resistance? Focus on beta-lactamases. Drug Resist Updat. 2006;9:142-156.
8. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Douglas RD. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principle and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010.
9. Giedraitiene A, Vitkauskiene A, Naginiene R, Pavilonis A. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria. Medicina (Kaunas). 2011;47:137-146.
10. Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated Functional Classification of ß-Lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2010;54:969-976.
11. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:657-686.
12. Tzouvelekis LS, Markogiannakis A, Psichogiou M, Tassios PT, Daikos GL. Carbapenemases in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae: an evolving crisis of global dimensions. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:682-707.
13. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 25th Informational Supplement. Wayne, PA.: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2015:M100-S25 Wayne, PA.
14. Livermore DM, Andrews JM, Hawkey PM, et al. Are susceptibility tests enough, or should laboratories still seek ESBLs and car-bapenemases directly? Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2012;67:1569-1577.
15. Doi Y, Paterson DL. Detection of plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11:191-197.
16. Livermore DM, Brown DF. Detection of beta-lactamase-mediated resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48 Suppl 1:59-64.
17. Garrec H, Drieux-Rouzet L, Golmard JL, Jarlier V, Robert J. Comparison of nine phenotypic methods for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production by Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1048-1057.
